Reference List

Reference List

The full library of sources collected over the course of our project work in Cape Town and our Preparation Term in Worcester is fully cited and organized below according to subject matter.

Global & Local Context

• Berner, I., Hoffman, B., & Spangenberg, K. (2004). The Development of Monwabisi. Retrieved 23 November 2009, from Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town: http://www.aachen-kapstadt.de/projekte/asa_project_study_monwabisi.pdf
• Cape Times. (1 July 2009). Mother City could face Water Shortage by 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2009, from: http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20090701052538104C572072 
• City Visiting Informal Settlements at Khayelitsha. (2008). Retrieved 19 November 2009, from Khaylitsha Struggles: http://www.khayelitshastruggles.com/2008/10/city-visiting-informal-settlements-at.html
• Goldberg, Karen. (2009). The Water Dialogues: A Cape Town Case Study. Retrieved 10 November 2009, from Jaco Muller (CoCT Informal Settlements Division, Water & Sanitation Department).
• SA-Venues.com. (2009). Western Cape, South Africa. Retrieved 26 September 2009, from: http://www.sa-venues.com/westcape.htm
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). American Housing Survey for the United States. Retrieved 29 September, 2009, from: http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/h150-07.pdf
• Water for People. (2009). Water and Developing Countries: Important Facts. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 12 November 2009, from: www.waterforpeople.org
• World Health Organization. (2009). World Health Statistics. Retrieved 2 October 2009, from: http://www.who.int/en/

Legislature & Governance

• City of Cape Town. (2008). Water and Sanitation Service Standard. Cape Town, South Africa. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 17 September 2009, from: http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Documents/Water%20and%20Sanitation%20Service%20Standards.pdf
• City of Cape Town: Environmental Resource Management. (2009). Environmental Legislation. Cape Town, South Africa. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 3 October 2009, from: http://www.capetown.gov.za/EN/ENVIRONMENTALRESOURCEMANAGEMENT/PUBLICATIONS/Pages/EnviromentalLegislation.aspx
  • “National Environmental Management Act, Act No. 107, 1998”
  • “National Water Act, Act No. 36, 1998”
  • “Municipal Systems Act, Act No. 32, 2000”
• Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA), Republic of South Africa. (2009). Water Quality Management. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 17 September 2009, from: http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Dir_WQM/default.asp 
• Goldberg, Karen. (2009). Outsourcing “Bucket Technologies” in Cape Town’s Informal Settlements. Municipal Meeting Presentation. Retrieved 10 November 2009, from Jaco Muller (CoCT Informal Settlement Services, Water & Sanitation Department).
• Muller, M. (2002). The National Water and Sanitation Programme in South Africa: Turning the ‘Right to Water’ into Reality. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 20 September 2009, from: http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/3292007103257_afBGRightToWaterRealitySouthAfrica.pdf
• Republic of South Africa (RSA). (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996). [Electronic version]. Retrieved 7 September 2009, from: http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf

Sustainable Principles

• Hattingh, J., Maree, G.A., Ashton, P.J., Leaner, J.J., Rascher, J., & Turton, A.R. (2007). Introduction to Ecosystem Governance: Focusing on Africa. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 20 September 2009, from: http://www-32.cis.portlandcs.net/wp/009S2/0005/009S20005.pdf
• Jungck, J. (1985). Perennial Polyculture, Permaculture and Preservation: The Principle of Diversity. [Electronic Version]. The American Biology Teacher. 47(2), 73. Retrieved 18 September 2009, from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4447952.pdf 

Previous WPI Involvement

• Alex, L., Cusack, J., Mills, A., & Sosa-Boyd, A. (2007). Design and Construction of a Communal Laundry Station in Monwabisi Park, Cape Town.WPI.
• Carbonneau, M., Elbag, M., & Krasinskas, J. (2009). Cape Town Water and Sanitation Design (MQP No. JYP-0804).
• Granfone, M., Lizewski, C., & Olecki, D. (2008). Envisioning Endlovini: Water and Sanitation. WPI.

Case Studies

• Castellano, D. & Kraaijvanger, H. (2009). MobiSan Project. Dutch Consortium and Water & Sanitation Services, Cape Town.
• Chen, M. & Solon, K. (2004). Infrastructure Assessment in the Context of Rapid Urbanization: The Case of Cambodia. Engineering Construction and Operations in Challenging Environments Earth and Space 2004: Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ASCE Aerospace Division International Conference. [Electronic Version]. 735-742. Retrieved 11 September 2009, from: http://www.solonarchitects.com/upload/articles/Cambodia.html/Infrastructure%20Assessment%20in%20the%20Context%20of%20Rapid%20Urbanization.pdf
• Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System – DEWATS: Manjuyod Public Market. (2008). Office of Provincial Engineer, Negros Oriental, Phillipines. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
• Friedrich, E., Pillay, S. Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study. [Electronic Version]. Journal of Cleaner Production (Compendex), 17(1), 1-12.
• Hasan, A. (2002). A Model for Government-Community Partnership in Building Sewage Systems for Urban Areas: the Experiences of the Orangi Pilot Project – Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI), Karachi. [Electronic Version]. Water Science and Technology, 45(8), 199. Retrieved 12 September 2009, from: http://lequia.udg.es/lequianet/WatSciTech/04508/0199/045080199.pdf
• Hardoy, A. & Schusterman, R. (2000). New models for the privatization of water and sanitation for the urban poor. [Electronic Version]. Environment and Urbanization, 12, 63-76.
• Low Cost Sanitation Program. (2009). Orangi Pilot Project (OPP): Institutions and Programs. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 11 September 2009, from: http://www.oppinstitutions.org/
• Masi, F., Martinuzzi, N. (2007). Constructed Wetlands for the Mediterranean Countries: Hybrid Systems for Water Reuse and Sustainable Sanitation. [Electronic Version]. Desalination, 215(1-3), 44. Retrieved 12 September 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFX-4PH040N-7&_user=74021&_coverDate=09%2F05%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000005878&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=74021&md5=517d4a7455bfe61d37f7351148f3cb8f
• Mels, A., Castellano, D., Braadbaart, O., Veenstra, S., Dijkstra, I., Meulman, B., Singels, A. & Wilsenach, J. (2008). Sanitation Services for the Informal Settlements of Cape Town, South Africa. [Electronic Version]. Desalination. 248(2009), 330-337. Retrieved 9 November 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFX-4XC50FY-1N&_user=74021&_coverDate=112F152F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000005878&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=74021&md5=92b6ce710ca78e4eff7728ea391aef2

Commercial Sanitation Options

• Advanced Composting Systems, LLC. (2007). Phoenix Composting System: Public Facilities Application Guide. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
• Berger Biotechnik GmbH. (2009). Separation Toilets. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 18 November 2009, from: http://www.berger-biotechnik.com/assets/s2dmain.html?http://www.berger-biotechnik.com/
• Biogas Plants: Nature Meets Technology. (2009). Product Range: Digester. Retrieved 21 September 2009, from WELtec BioPower: http://www.weltec-biopower.de/Digester.34.0.html?&L=1
• Crosby, R. (2009). A Low-Cost Site Build Wastewater Treatment System. [Electronic Version]. Biorealis Systems, Inc. Retrieved 10 November 2009, from: http://biorealis.com/biofilter/drumbiofilter/&usg=__7zm3mizLFX_NAqFsvo-qoHR_o6c=&h=586&w=581&sz=13&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=UgIkcXZ211rWXM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrickle%2Bfilter%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
• Enviro Options (Pty) Ltd. (2009). Enviro-Loo. Retrieved from: http://enviro-loo.com
• Hybrid Toilet System. (2007). Distributors: Hybrid Toilet System. Retrieved 18 September 2009, from Gough Plastics: http://www.gough.com.au/HTS/commercial/distributors.asp
• SA Biotech. (2008). Hybrid Toilet System. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 20 September 2009, from SA Biotech Watersmart Sanitation Solutions: http://www.sabiotech.co.za/Solutions/hybridtoiletsys.htm

Effluent Treatment & Reuse

• A Directory of Environmentally Sound Technologies for the Integrated Management of Solid, Liquid, and Hasardous Waste for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Pacific. (2002). United Nation Environment Programme.
• Germer, J. [University of Hohenheim], Addai, S. & Sarpong, D. [Berger Biotechnik, Valley View University]. (2009). Fertilization with Human Urine…in a nutshell.  [Electronic Version]. Received 12 November 2009.
• Mara, D. D., & Feachem, R. G. A. (1999). Water- and Excreta-Related Diseases: Unitary Environmental Classification. [Electronic Version].   Journal of Environmental Engineering. 125(4), 334-339. Retrieved 20 September 2009, from: http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JOEEDU000125000004000334000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal
• Minnis, P. Sources of Nutrients in Wastewater. [Electronic Version]. Pace University. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
• Parkinson, J. & Tayler, K. (2003). Decentralized Wastewater Management in Peri-Urban Areas in Low-Income Countries. [Electronic Version]. Environment and Urbanization, 15(1), 75-89.
• Vlotman, W. F., Wong, T., & Schultz, B. (2007). Integration of drainage, water quality and flood management in rural, urban and lowland areas. [Electronic Version]. Irrigation and Drainage, 56(S1), S161-S177.

Composting

• Aggarwal, G. (2008/2009). Conversion of Sludge into Compost: State of the Art Engineering Report. [Electronic Version]. Integrated Engineering Design Course, University of Ontario. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
• Crohn, D., Humpert, C., & Paswater, P. (2000). Composting Reduces Growers’ Concerns about Pathogens. [Electronic Version]. The Integrated Waste Management Board Publication Contract IWM-C8034. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
• Municipal Technology Branch. (1999). Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet: Composting Toilets. [Electronic Version]. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
• Obeng, L. & Wright, F. (1987). Integrated Resource Recovery: The Co-composting of Domestic Solid and Human Wastes. [Electronic Version]. World Bank Technical Paper Number 57, Library of Congress in-Publication Data. Retrieved 15 November 2009, from: http%3a%2f%2f74.125.155.132%2fscholar%3fq%3dcache%3axb_dLYip5RcJ%3ascholar.google.com%2f%2bhuman%2bwaste%2bcomposting%26hl%3den%26as_sdt%3d2000
• Wiley, B. & Westerberg, S. (1969). Survival of Human Pathogens in Composting Sewage. [Electronic Version]. Applied Microbiology, (18)6, 994-1001. Retrieved 24 November 2009.

Anaerobic Baffled Reactors (ABRs)

• Barber, W. & Stuckey, D. (1999). The Use of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) for Wastewater Treatment: A Review. [Electronic Version]. Wat. Res.,  7(33), 1559-1578.
• Foxon, K., Buckley, C., Brouckaert, C., Dama, P., Mtembu, Z., Rodda, N., Smith, M., Pillay, S., Arjun, N., Lalbahadur, T., & Bux, F. (2006). The Evaluation of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor for Sanitation in Dense Peri-Urban Settlements. [Electronic Version]. Water Research Commission Report No. 1248/01/06.
• Foxon, K., Pillay, S., Lalbahadur, T., Rodda, N., Holder, F., & Buckley, C. The Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR): An Appropriate Technology for On-Site Sanitation. [Electronic Version]. Water S.A., 30(4), 44-50. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
• Lalbahadur, T. (2005). Characterisation of the Microbial Communities Present in an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Utilising Molecular Techniques. [Electronic Version]. Master’s Degree in Technology: Biotechnology Thesis, Durban Institute of Technology.
• Nasr, F., Doma, H., & Nassar, H. (2008). Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor followed by a Duckweed Pond for Agricultural Purposes. [Electronic Version]. Environmentalist, 29(2009), 270-279. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
• Pillay, S., Foxon, K. & Buckley, C. (2007). An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor /Membrane Bioreactor (ABR/MBR) for On-Site Sanitation in Low Income Areas. [Electronic Version]. Desalination, 231 (2008), 91-98. Retrieved 12 November 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFX-4T84F90-G&_user=74021&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000005878&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=74021&md5=83e7ea85f871c0d274b746f8d00870f2

Grey Water

• Armitage, N.P., Winter, K., Spiegel, A. & Kruger, E. (2009). Community-focused greywater management in two informal settlements in South Africa. [Electronic Version]. Water Sci Technol (PubMed), 59(12), 2341-2350.
• Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U., & Kahonde, J. (2007). The Use and Disposal of Greywater in the Non-Sewered Areas of South Africa: Part 1 – Quantifying the Greywater Generated and Assessing its Quality. [Electronic Version]. Water SA, 33(4), 425-432.
• Carden, K., Armitage, N., Sichone, O., & Winter, K. (2007). The Use and Disposal of Greywater in the Non-Sewered Areas of South Africa: Part 2 – Greywater Management Options. [Electronic Version]. Water SA, 33(4), 433.
• Winter, K., Armitage, N., Carden, K., & Spiegel, A. (2008). Why Things Fail: Greywater Management in Informal Settlements, South Africa. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 4 Sept. 2009, from http://www.waterinformation.co.za/literature/files/2008_081.pdf

Social & Educational Aspects

• Onabolu, B. & Ndlovu, M. (2006). The WRC Community Based Health and Hygiene Model and Implementation Kit. [Electronic Version]. Water Research Commission Report No. TT 264/06.
• Smith, M.A., Garbharran, H., Edwards, M.J., & O’Hara-Murdock, P. (2004). Health Promotion and Disease Prevention through Sanitation Education in South African Zulu and Xhosa Women. [Electronic Version].  J Transcult Nurs, 15, 62 – 68.

Project Partner Information

• EcoBeam Technologies. (2009). http://www.ecobeam.co.za/
• Shaster Foundation. (2008). http://www.shaster.org.za/old/index.htm
• University of Cape Town. (2009). http://www.uct.ac.za/
• City of Cape Town. (2009). Water and Sanitation. http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/water/Pages/default.aspx